[美國]左右搖擺的方法專利共同侵權理論 (Akamai案)

Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc. (2015) (Akamai V)

歷史背景及判決影響:

美國專利法中所定義的侵權態樣包括了直接侵權(direct infringement)、引誘侵權(induced infringement)及輔助侵權(contributory infringement),分別由 35 USC 271 (a), (b), (c)所規定。1 相對於直接侵權,後兩者又被稱為間接侵權(indirect infringement),而間接侵權成立的前提是有直接侵權者(Aro Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Convertible Top Co. 377 U.S. 476 (1964))。2

然而,方法專利通常包括一系列之步驟,當被控侵權人僅實施部分步驟,而剩下步驟由另一方所完成時,是否就避免了侵權?針對此情況,由於專利法並未說明直接侵權是否需要同一實體執行所有步驟,法院逐漸在 35 USC 271 (a)下發展出共同侵權(joint infringement或divided infringement)的理論來堵住此漏洞,但認定標準非常分歧。

CAFC在 2007 年的BMC一案中發展出單一實體規則(single entity rule)3,即要有一方控制或引導(control or direction)其他人完成其餘步驟才會造成直接侵權(雖然同時也指出有可能因此產生漏洞 4),而在 2008 年的Muniauction案之後,共同侵權的標準更意外地提高到需要構成轉承責任(vicarious liability)5,也就是有代理(agency)或合約(contract)等較高強度的契約關係才會被認定為單一實體,而這使侵權人易於逃脫侵權責任。

在本案中,CAFC為了解決前述直接侵權之漏洞,曾創造出了引誘侵權可以擴張至多人實施態樣的新理論,但被最高法院所推翻(引誘侵權的成立必須先證明有直接侵權者的存在),最終CAFC回歸 35 USC 271 (a),將單一實體的標準降低到可以包括更多共同侵權態樣,使得未來專利權人將更容易共同侵權的訴訟中獲勝。

判決重點:

  1. 降低了控制或引導(control or direction)的標準:除了代理或合約關係外,新增了以下態樣:當被控侵權人決定了實施專利方法步驟時的動作參與或是利益取得,並且建立了實施的方式或時間點時,將會造成直接侵權。6
  2. 除了控制或引導外,若共同侵權人形成了共同事業體(joint enterprise),所有侵權人皆可以被認定是直接侵權 7,而CAFC也定義了joint enterprise的四個要件。8

本案歷程:

Limelight是內容傳遞網路(content delivery network, CDN)的供應商,其客戶(網站的所有人)可以利用Limelight的服務以傳遞內容。Limelight的服務需要其客戶”tag”網站的部分內容(通常是大型檔案)給CDN以增加瀏覽的速度。Akamai的專利(US6,108,703)是關於在網際網路傳送內容之方法。Limelight執行了專利請求項中大部分之步驟,但tagging及serving步驟則是由其客戶所完成。

Akamai於 2006 年控告Limelight直接侵權及引誘侵權。此訴訟歷經多次判決,整理如下:

時間 案件 法院 法條 判決
2006 Akamai 地院 §271(a) 直接侵權 陪審團裁定侵權成立 (Limelight有指揮或控制其客戶的行為)
2009 Akamai 地院 §271(a) 直接侵權 依 2008 年的Muniauction案標準重新審理,依法判決(JMOL)不侵權
2010 Akamai I CAFC (panel) §271(a) 直接侵權 維持地院不侵權的判決 (Limelight與其客戶之間無agency之關係)
2012 Akamai II CAFC (en banc) §271(b) 引誘侵權 雖然引誘侵權的前提是直接侵權成立,但引誘侵權中的直接侵權並不需要單一實體(single party)這一要件,所以非由單一實體執行也可能造成引誘侵權 9(11 位法官有 6 位同意)
2014 Akamai III SCOTUS §271(b) 引誘侵權 非單一實體無法成立直接侵權,無直接侵權則無引誘侵權,最高法院建議CAFC重新考慮使用§ 271(a),而非修改§271(b)的侵權條件。另外,最高法院拒絕評論Muniauction案之標準
2015 Akamai IV CAFC (panel) §271(a) 直接侵權 若所有步驟皆可歸因於單一實體,方成立直接侵權,而Limelight沒有控制或指示其客戶,而客戶也非Limelight的代理人(Muniauction標準)
2015 Akamai V CAFC (en banc) §271(a) 直接侵權 擴大直接侵權的定義,除提供新的侵權態樣外,還說明若有其他情形使步驟執行可歸因於單一實體,也可能侵權
2016 SCOTUS 拒絕Limelight提出的調卷令(certiorari)
2016 地院 判決Limelight侵權成立

依照CAFC的新標準,由於Limelight的客戶所簽署的合約中敘述了tagging及serving等應執行的動作,故決定了實施專利方法步驟時的動作,且Limelight會通知客戶有技術人員會指導他們如何執行、協助安裝、確保品質,所以Limelight建立了實施的方式或時間點。CAFC因此認為Limelight確實控制或引導了其客戶,因而所有步驟皆可歸因於單一實體(Limelight)。

在Akamai案之前,單方契約通常不會造成共同侵權,因為要約人沒有控制(control)的行為,但在新的標準下,似乎只需要決定(conditions)及實施(performance),就可能滿足此標準。再進一步來看,若產品的說明書教導了使用者專利中的實施步驟,是否也就已經滿足了新標準?諸多問題仍待更多判決出現之後方可釐清。

  1. 35 U.S. Code § 271 – Infringement of patent

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this title, whoever without authority makes, uses, offers to sell, or sells any patented invention, within the United States or imports into the United States any patented invention during the term of the patent therefor, infringes the patent.

(b) Whoever actively induces infringement of a patent shall be liable as an infringer.

(c) Whoever offers to sell or sells within the United States or imports into the United States a component of a patented machine, manufacture, combination or composition, or a material or apparatus for use in practicing a patented process, constituting a material part of the invention, knowing the same to be especially made or especially adapted for use in an infringement of such patent, and not a staple article or commodity of commerce suitable for substantial noninfringing use, shall be liable as a contributory infringer.

  1. “if there is no direct infringement of a patent, there can be no contributory infringement”

  2. “[a] party cannot avoid infringement…simply by contracting out steps of a patented process to another entity. In those cases, the party in control would be liable for direct infringement. It would be unfair indeed for the mastermind in such situations to escape liability.”

  3. “This court acknowledges that the standard requiring control or direction for a finding of joint infringement may in some circumstances allow parties to enter into armslength agreements to avoid infringement.”

  4. “Under BMC Resources, the control or direction standard is satisfied in situations where the law would traditionally hold the accused direct infringer vicariously liable for the acts committed by another party that are required to complete performance of a claimed method.”

  5. “We conclude, …that liability under § 271(a) can also be found when an alleged infringer conditions participation in an activity or receipt of a benefit upon performance of a step or steps of a patented method and establishes the manner or timing of that performance.”

  6. “where two or more actors form a joint enterprise, all can be charged with the acts of the other, rendering each liable for the steps performed by the other as if each is a single actor.”

  7. a joint enterprise requires proof of:

(1) an agreement, express or implied, among the members of the group;

(2) a common purpose to be carried out by the group;

(3) a community of pecuniary interest in that purpose, among the members; and

(4) an equal right to a voice in the direction of the enterprise, which gives an equal right of control.

  1. “[r]equiring proof that there has been direct infringement as a predicate for induced infringement is not the same as requiring proof that a single party would be liable as a direct infringer.”